Checklist of the Collembola: Key to the genera of the Collembola from Italy | ![]() |
This key is still under construction. Note that missing figures will be provided as soon as possible. Currently, the key is in the feasibility study phase to find out how to integrate in the checklist in a modular way a key that has been generated with DELTA.
Frans Janssens,
Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2020, Belgium
Marco Colombo
Italy
1(0). Body elongate............................................... 2 Body globular.............................................. 31 2(1). Protergite absent........................................... 3 Protergite present......................................... 15 3(2). Body scales absent.......................................... 4 Body scales present........................................ 10 4(3). Fourth abdominal segment about equal in length to third abdominal segment......................................... 5 Fourth abdominal segment longer then third abdominal segment.. ......................................................... 9 5(4). Manubrium with at least 8 mid-ventral setae................. 6 Manubrium with at most 5 mid-ventral setae.................. 8 6(5). Bothriotricha absent........................................ 7 Bothriotricha present.............................. Isotomurus 7(6). Tenent setae of footcomplex clavate................ Vertagopus Tenent setae of footcomplex not clavate............... Desoria 8(5). Fifth abdominal segment fused with sixth abdominal segment.... ................................................ Hemisotoma Fifth abdominal segment not fused with sixth abdominal segment.......................................... Proisotoma 9(4). First antennal segment and second antennal segment not subdivided....................................... Entomobrya First antennal segment and second antennal segment subdivided in 2 parts....................................... Orchesella 10(3). Fourth abdominal segment distinctly longer then third abdominal segment; third antennal segment not distinctly longer then other antennal segments...................... 11 Fourth abdominal segment shorter then third abdominal segment; third antennal segment distinctly longer then other antennal segments................................................. 14 11(10). Mucro long......................................... Cyphoderus Mucro very short........................................... 12 12(11). Dorsal scales apically pointed...................... Willowsia Dorsal scales apically rounded............................. 13 13(12). Eye with 8 ocelli................................ Lepidocyrtus Eye with less then 8 ocelli..................... Pseudosinella 14(10). Anterior 4 ocelli form a diamond............. Pogonognathellus Anterior 4 ocelli form a square..................... Tomocerus 15(2). Furca long, reaching collophore........................ Podura Furca short, not reaching collophore....................... 16 16(15). Pseudocelli absent......................................... 17 Pseudocelli present........................................ 29 17(16). Mandibula absent............................... Brachystomella Mandibula present.......................................... 18 18(17). Mandibula with molar teeth................................. 19 Mandibula without molar teeth.............................. 22 19(18). Sixth abdominal segment with 2 anal spines................. 20 Sixth abdominal segment with 3 anal spines...... Triacanthella 20(19). Anal spines distinctly large................... Ceratophysella Anal spines indistinct..................................... 21 21(20). Eye with 5 ocelli; unguiculus absent.................. Xenylla Eye with 8 ocelli; unguiculus present............ Hypogastrura 22(18). Antennae not piramid shaped................................ 23 Antennae piramid shaped........................ Superodontella 23(22). Sixth abdominal segment with at least 3 anal spines... Friesea Sixth abdominal segment with at most 2 anal spines......... 24 24(23). Body with dorsal tubercles................................. 25 Body without dorsal tubercles.............................. 28 25(24). Last abdominal segment bilobed............................. 26 Last abdominal segment not bilobed.................. Monobella 26(25). Sixth abdominal segment not visible in dorsal aspect....... 27 Sixth abdominal segment visible in dorsal aspect...... Neanura 27(26). Body colour blue.................................... Deutonura Body colour yellow.................................. Bilobella 28(24). Furca absent.......................................... Anurida Furca present.................................. Pseudachorutes 29(16). Body colour absent......................................... 30 Body colour present........................... Tetrodontophora 30(29). Furcal remnant absent............................ Protaphorura Furcal remnant reduced to 2 tubercles............. Kalaphorura 31(1). Antennae longer then head diagonal; eyes present........... 32 Antennae shorter then head diagonal; eyes absent........... 49 32(31). Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli.......................... 33 Eyes indistinct with at most 1 ocellus........... Arrhopalites 33(32). Fourth antennal segment distinctly shorter then third antennal segment.................................................. 34 Fourth antennal segment longer then third antennal segment. 36 34(33). M seta in transverse row of M'-setae............... Ptenothrix M seta not in row of M'-setae.............................. 35 35(34). Unguis with tunica................................ Dicyrtomina Unguis without tunica............................... Dicyrtoma 36(33). Female with sub-anal appendages; male without clasping antennae................................................. 37 Female without sub-anal appendages; male with clasping antennae................................................. 47 37(36). Fourth antennal segment subdivided......................... 38 Fourth antennal segment undivided................ Sminthurinus 38(37). Footcomplex with 1 sticky macroseta........................ 39 Footcomplex with more then 1 sticky macrosetae............. 45 39(38). Sticky macroseta apically clavate........... Spatulosminthurus Sticky macroseta apically pointed.......................... 40 40(39). Fourth antennal segment with less then 10 subdivisions; head relatively small compared to body; body with curved short setae............................................. Lipothrix Fourth antennal segment with more then 10 subdivisions; head not relatively small compared to body; body not with curved short setae.............................................. 41 41(40). Unguis inner edge with few teeth........................... 42 Unguis inner edge with many teeth.......................... 44 42(41). Unguis with distinctly large tunica................... Allacma Unguis with small apical tunica............................ 43 43(42). Aspect not spiky; ocelli C + D as large as other ocelli....... ................................................ Sminthurus Aspect spiky; ocelli C + D smaller then other ocelli.......... ................................................. Caprainea 44(41). Unguis with cavity.................................. Gisinurus Unguis without cavity........................ Disparrhopalites 45(38). Unguiculus with distinctly large basal lamella................ .......................................... Heterosminthurus Unguiculus with indistinct basal lamella................... 46 46(45). Unguiculus of third leg with subapical filament.. Bourletiella Unguiculus of third leg without subapical filament............ ......................................... Deuterosminthurus 47(36). Eyes not very small; female third tibiotarsus with distal organ; male clasping organ complex; thorax dorsally without pale spot................................................ 48 Eyes very small; female third tibiotarsus without distal organ; male clasping organ simple; thorax dorsally with pale spot............................................. Sphaeridia 48(47). Female fourth antennal segment subdivided; male posterior abdomen without paired array of long setae..... Sminthurides Female fourth antennal segment undivided; male posterior abdomen with paired array of 6-8 long setae...... Stenacidia 49(31). Pigmentation absent; third antennal segment fused with fourth antennal segment............................... Megalothorax Pigmentation present; third antennal segment not fused with fourth antennal segment.................................. 50 50(49). Third antennal segment as thick as fourth antennal segment.... .................................................... Neelus Third antennal segment distinctly thicker then fourth antennal segment............................................ Neelides
Allacma
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular. Body
not with curved short setae. Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present.
Female with sub-anal appendages. Footcomplex with 1 sticky macroseta. Fourth
antennal segment longer then third antennal segment. Fourth antennal segment
subdivided. Fourth antennal segment with more then 10 subdivisions. Head not
relatively small compared to body. Male without clasping antennae. Sticky
macroseta apically pointed. Unguis inner edge with few teeth. Unguis with
distinctly large tunica.
Anurida
Antennae not piramid shaped. Body elongate. Body without
dorsal tubercles. Furca short, not reaching collophore. Furca absent.
Mandibula present. Mandibula without molar teeth. Protergite present.
Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal segment with at most 2 anal spines.
Arrhopalites
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes indistinct with at most 1 ocellus. Eyes present.
Bilobella
Antennae not piramid shaped. Body elongate. Body with
dorsal tubercles. Body colour yellow. Furca short, not reaching collophore.
Last abdominal segment bilobed. Mandibula present. Mandibula without molar
teeth. Protergite present. Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal segment not
visible in dorsal aspect. Sixth abdominal segment with at most 2 anal spines.
Bourletiella
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Female with sub-anal
appendages. Footcomplex with more then 1 sticky macrosetae. Fourth antennal
segment longer then third antennal segment. Fourth antennal segment
subdivided. Male without clasping antennae. Unguiculus of third leg with
subapical filament. Unguiculus with indistinct basal lamella.
Brachystomella
Body elongate. Furca short, not reaching
collophore. Mandibula absent. Protergite present. Pseudocelli absent.
Caprainea
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Aspect spiky. Body
globular. Body not with curved short setae. Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli.
Eyes present. Female with sub-anal appendages. Footcomplex with 1 sticky
macroseta. Fourth antennal segment longer then third antennal segment. Fourth
antennal segment subdivided. Fourth antennal segment with more then 10
subdivisions. Head not relatively small compared to body. Male without
clasping antennae. Ocelli C + D smaller then other ocelli. Sticky macroseta
apically pointed. Unguis inner edge with few teeth. Unguis with small apical
tunica.
Ceratophysella
Anal spines distinctly large. Body elongate.
Furca short, not reaching collophore. Mandibula present. Mandibula with molar
teeth. Protergite present. Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal segment with 2
anal spines.
Cyphoderus
Body elongate. Body scales present. Fourth abdominal
segment distinctly longer then third abdominal segment. Mucro long. Protergite
absent. Third antennal segment not distinctly longer then other antennal
segments.
Desoria
Body elongate. Body scales absent. Bothriotricha absent.
Fourth abdominal segment about equal in length to third abdominal segment.
Manubrium with at least 8 mid-ventral setae. Protergite absent. Tenent setae
of footcomplex not clavate.
Deuterosminthurus
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body
globular. Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Female with
sub-anal appendages. Footcomplex with more then 1 sticky macrosetae. Fourth
antennal segment longer then third antennal segment. Fourth antennal segment
subdivided. Male without clasping antennae. Unguiculus of third leg without
subapical filament. Unguiculus with indistinct basal lamella.
Deutonura
Antennae not piramid shaped. Body elongate. Body with
dorsal tubercles. Body colour blue. Furca short, not reaching collophore. Last
abdominal segment bilobed. Mandibula present. Mandibula without molar teeth.
Protergite present. Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal segment not visible in
dorsal aspect. Sixth abdominal segment with at most 2 anal spines.
Dicyrtoma
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Fourth antennal segment
distinctly shorter then third antennal segment. M seta not in row of
M-setae. Unguis without tunica.
Dicyrtomina
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Fourth antennal segment
distinctly shorter then third antennal segment. M seta not in row of
M-setae. Unguis with tunica.
Disparrhopalites
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body
globular. Body not with curved short setae. Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli.
Eyes present. Female with sub-anal appendages. Footcomplex with 1 sticky
macroseta. Fourth antennal segment longer then third antennal segment. Fourth
antennal segment subdivided. Fourth antennal segment with more then 10
subdivisions. Head not relatively small compared to body. Male without
clasping antennae. Sticky macroseta apically pointed. Unguis without cavity.
Unguis inner edge with many teeth.
Entomobrya
Body elongate. Body scales absent. First antennal
segment and second antennal segment not subdivided. Fourth abdominal segment
longer then third abdominal segment. Protergite absent.
Friesea
Antennae not piramid shaped. Body elongate. Furca short,
not reaching collophore. Mandibula present. Mandibula without molar teeth.
Protergite present. Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal segment with at least
3 anal spines.
Gisinurus
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Body not with curved short setae. Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes
present. Female with sub-anal appendages. Footcomplex with 1 sticky macroseta.
Fourth antennal segment longer then third antennal segment. Fourth antennal
segment subdivided. Fourth antennal segment with more then 10 subdivisions.
Head not relatively small compared to body. Male without clasping antennae.
Sticky macroseta apically pointed. Unguis with cavity. Unguis inner edge with
many teeth.
Hemisotoma
Body elongate. Body scales absent. Fifth abdominal
segment fused with sixth abdominal segment. Fourth abdominal segment about
equal in length to third abdominal segment. Manubrium with at most 5
mid-ventral setae. Protergite absent.
Heterosminthurus
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body
globular. Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Female with
sub-anal appendages. Footcomplex with more then 1 sticky macrosetae. Fourth
antennal segment longer then third antennal segment. Fourth antennal segment
subdivided. Male without clasping antennae. Unguiculus with distinctly large
basal lamella.
Hypogastrura
Anal spines indistinct. Body elongate. Eye with 8
ocelli. Furca short, not reaching collophore. Mandibula present. Mandibula
with molar teeth. Protergite present. Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal
segment with 2 anal spines. Unguiculus present.
Isotomurus
Body elongate. Body scales absent. Bothriotricha
present. Fourth abdominal segment about equal in length to third abdominal
segment. Manubrium with at least 8 mid-ventral setae. Protergite absent.
Kalaphorura
Body elongate. Body colour absent. Furca short, not
reaching collophore. Furcal remnant reduced to 2 tubercles. Protergite
present. Pseudocelli present.
Lepidocyrtus
Body elongate. Body scales present. Dorsal scales
apically rounded. Eye with 8 ocelli. Fourth abdominal segment distinctly
longer then third abdominal segment. Mucro very short. Protergite absent.
Third antennal segment not distinctly longer then other antennal segments.
Lipothrix
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Body with curved short setae. Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present.
Female with sub-anal appendages. Footcomplex with 1 sticky macroseta. Fourth
antennal segment longer then third antennal segment. Fourth antennal segment
subdivided. Fourth antennal segment with less then 10 subdivisions. Head
relatively small compared to body. Male without clasping antennae. Sticky
macroseta apically pointed.
Megalothorax
Antennae shorter then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes absent. Pigmentation absent. Third antennal segment fused with fourth
antennal segment.
Monobella
Antennae not piramid shaped. Body elongate. Body with
dorsal tubercles. Furca short, not reaching collophore. Last abdominal segment
not bilobed. Mandibula present. Mandibula without molar teeth. Protergite
present. Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal segment with at most 2 anal
spines.
Neanura
Antennae not piramid shaped. Body elongate. Body with
dorsal tubercles. Furca short, not reaching collophore. Last abdominal segment
bilobed. Mandibula present. Mandibula without molar teeth. Protergite present.
Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal segment visible in dorsal aspect. Sixth
abdominal segment with at most 2 anal spines.
Neelides
Antennae shorter then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes absent. Pigmentation present. Third antennal segment not fused with
fourth antennal segment. Third antennal segment distinctly thicker then fourth
antennal segment.
Neelus
Antennae shorter then head diagonal. Body globular. Eyes
absent. Pigmentation present. Third antennal segment not fused with fourth
antennal segment. Third antennal segment as thick as fourth antennal segment.
Orchesella
Body elongate. Body scales absent. First antennal
segment and second antennal segment subdivided in 2 parts. Fourth abdominal
segment longer then third abdominal segment. Protergite absent.
Podura
Body elongate. Furca long, reaching collophore.
Protergite present.
Pogonognathellus
Anterior 4 ocelli form a diamond. Body
elongate. Body scales present. Fourth abdominal segment shorter then third
abdominal segment. Protergite absent. Third antennal segment distinctly longer
then other antennal segments.
Proisotoma
Body elongate. Body scales absent. Fifth abdominal
segment not fused with sixth abdominal segment. Fourth abdominal segment about
equal in length to third abdominal segment. Manubrium with at most 5
mid-ventral setae. Protergite absent.
Protaphorura
Body elongate. Body colour absent. Furca short, not
reaching collophore. Furcal remnant absent. Protergite present. Pseudocelli
present.
Pseudachorutes
Antennae not piramid shaped. Body elongate. Body
without dorsal tubercles. Furca short, not reaching collophore. Furca present.
Mandibula present. Mandibula without molar teeth. Protergite present.
Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal segment with at most 2 anal spines.
Pseudosinella
Body elongate. Body scales present. Dorsal scales
apically rounded. Eye with less then 8 ocelli. Fourth abdominal segment
distinctly longer then third abdominal segment. Mucro very short. Protergite
absent. Third antennal segment not distinctly longer then other antennal
segments.
Ptenothrix
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Fourth antennal segment
distinctly shorter then third antennal segment. M seta in transverse row of
M-setae.
Sminthurides
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Eyes not very small. Female
without sub-anal appendages. Female fourth antennal segment subdivided. Female
third tibiotarsus with distal organ. Fourth antennal segment longer then third
antennal segment. Male with clasping antennae. Male clasping organ complex.
Male posterior abdomen without paired array of long setae. Thorax dorsally
without pale spot.
Sminthurinus
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Female with sub-anal
appendages. Fourth antennal segment longer then third antennal segment. Fourth
antennal segment undivided. Male without clasping antennae.
Sminthurus
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Aspect not spiky.
Body globular. Body not with curved short setae. Eyes distinct with up to 8
ocelli. Eyes present. Female with sub-anal appendages. Footcomplex with 1
sticky macroseta. Fourth antennal segment longer then third antennal segment.
Fourth antennal segment subdivided. Fourth antennal segment with more then 10
subdivisions. Head not relatively small compared to body. Male without
clasping antennae. Ocelli C + D as large as other ocelli. Sticky macroseta
apically pointed. Unguis inner edge with few teeth. Unguis with small apical
tunica.
Spatulosminthurus
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body
globular. Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Female with
sub-anal appendages. Footcomplex with 1 sticky macroseta. Fourth antennal
segment longer then third antennal segment. Fourth antennal segment
subdivided. Male without clasping antennae. Sticky macroseta apically clavate.
Sphaeridia
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Eyes very small. Female
without sub-anal appendages. Female third tibiotarsus without distal organ.
Fourth antennal segment longer then third antennal segment. Male with clasping
antennae. Male clasping organ simple. Thorax dorsally with pale spot.
Stenacidia
Antennae longer then head diagonal. Body globular.
Eyes distinct with up to 8 ocelli. Eyes present. Eyes not very small. Female
without sub-anal appendages. Female fourth antennal segment undivided. Female
third tibiotarsus with distal organ. Fourth antennal segment longer then third
antennal segment. Male with clasping antennae. Male clasping organ complex.
Male posterior abdomen with paired array of 68 long setae. Thorax
dorsally without pale spot.
Superodontella
Antennae piramid shaped. Body elongate. Furca
short, not reaching collophore. Mandibula present. Mandibula without molar
teeth. Protergite present. Pseudocelli absent.
Tetrodontophora
Body elongate. Body colour present. Furca short,
not reaching collophore. Protergite present. Pseudocelli present.
Tomocerus
Anterior 4 ocelli form a square. Body elongate. Body
scales present. Fourth abdominal segment shorter then third abdominal segment.
Protergite absent. Third antennal segment distinctly longer then other
antennal segments.
Triacanthella
Body elongate. Furca short, not reaching
collophore. Mandibula present. Mandibula with molar teeth. Protergite present.
Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal segment with 3 anal spines.
Vertagopus
Body elongate. Body scales absent. Bothriotricha
absent. Fourth abdominal segment about equal in length to third abdominal
segment. Manubrium with at least 8 mid-ventral setae. Protergite absent.
Tenent setae of footcomplex clavate.
Willowsia
Body elongate. Body scales present. Dorsal scales
apically pointed. Fourth abdominal segment distinctly longer then third
abdominal segment. Mucro very short. Protergite absent. Third antennal segment
not distinctly longer then other antennal segments.
Xenylla
Anal spines indistinct. Body elongate. Eye with 5
ocelli. Furca short, not reaching collophore. Mandibula present. Mandibula
with molar teeth. Protergite present. Pseudocelli absent. Sixth abdominal
segment with 2 anal spines. Unguiculus absent.