http://www.collembola.org/publicat/tripod.htm
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Last updated on
2022.06.19
by Frans Janssens
Frans Janssens,
Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2020, Belgium
Marie Louise Huskens,
Opitterkiezel 223 bus 0.1, B-3960, Opitter, Belgium
Abstract
In Neelipleona, Entomobryomorpha and Symphypleona,
it was observed since 2016 that specimens used the 3 legs at the same side
of the body to form a stable tripod,
while using the 3 legs of the opposite side in a grooming activity.
This behaviour has not been reported before.
Introduction
In the Neelipleona, Entomobryomorpha and Symphypleona,
grooming usually involves using all legs, the everted
collophore vesicles and a drop of secretion produced by the mouth or collophore.
It was noticed that specimens, while grooming, suddenly lifted all legs of
one side of the body.
They remained stable on the 3 legs of the other side of the body.
Material and methods
Specimens were collected from the garden of the second author in Opitter,
Limburg, Belgium.
The specimens were collected with their habitat material.
Observations were performed indoors on a staged set-up.
Photographs were made using a digital reflex camera Canon EOS 80D.
A Canon MP-E 65mm lens was mounted on the camera using a
set of Kenko extension tubes (12mm + 20mm + 36mm).
Illumination was provided by a Canon Macro Ring Lite MR-14EX
and a Falcon Eyes SLP-120LTV LED lamp.
Results
The indoors stage was set-up and after a short period of time the
specimens started their grooming activities.
Observations of grooming on 3 legs was done in Neelidae, Isotomidae,
Entomobryidae, Sminthurididae, Katiannidae and Dicyrtomidae.
Neelidae
 |
Fig.Mm. Megalothorax minimus grooming on 3 right legs.
Huskens, M.L. © 2021.12.09
Megalothorax minimus grooming on 3 right legs
(fig.Mm).
 |
Fig.Nsp. Neelides sp. grooming on 3 left legs.
Cheng, H.-J. © 2022.01.04
Neelides sp. from Taiwan, kept in culture,
suddenly grooming on 3 left legs
(fig.Nsp).
Isotomidae
 |
Fig.Is. Vertagopus arboreus grooming on 3 right legs.
Huskens, M.L. © 2021.03.23
Vertagopus arboreus grooming on 3 right legs
(fig.Is).
Entomobryidae
 |
Fig.Em. Entomobrya multifasciata grooming on 3 right legs.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.12.23
Entomobrya multifasciata grooming on 3 right legs
(fig.Em).
Sminthurididae
 |
Fig.Sa1. Sminthurides aquaticus ♀ standing on 6 legs.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.10.27
 |
Fig.Sa2. Sminthurides aquaticus ♀ standing on 4 legs.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.10.27
 |
Fig.Sa3. Sminthurides aquaticus ♀ standing on 3 legs.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.10.27
Sminthurides aquaticus female on 6 to 3 right legs.
(fig.Sa1, Sa2, Sa3).
In the start position, the specimen is standing still on 6 legs (fig.Sa1).
The right proleg and metaleg are placed under the body while the left proleg
and mesoleg are lifted from the substrate to clean the left antenna.
The left metaleg is still used to stand on (fig.Sa2).
Eventually, also the left metaleg is lifted from the substrate (fig.Sa3).
All left legs are now involved in cleaning the furca.
 |
Fig.Ss. Sminthurides schoetti juv. ♂ standing on 3 legs.
Huskens, M.L. © 2021.02.03
Sminthurides schoetti juvenile male on 3 right legs (fig.Ss).
Katiannidae
 |
Fig.Sao. Sminthurinus aureus forma ochropus grooming on 3 legs.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.12.18
Sminthurinus aureus forma ochropus on 3 right legs, handling a
drop of saliva using its 3 left legs (fig.Sao).
 |
Fig.St. Sminthurinus trinotatus passing drop of saliva to the metaleg.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.11.22
Sminthurinus trinotatus on 3 right legs. The body is cleaned using
a drop of saliva, that is held at the tip of a leg by the hydrophil outer claw
and tenent setae of the footcomplex.
The drop of saliva originally is collected by the footcomplex of the left proleg.
It is then passed from one leg to the other (fig.St).
 |
Fig.Sr. Sminthurinus reticulatus cleaning the lateral bothriotricha.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.12.02
Sminthurinus retculatus on 3 right legs.
The drop of saliva has been passed to the metaleg,
with which the lateral bothriotricha A, B and C are cleaned (fig.Sr).
 |
Fig.K. Gen.1 nov. sp. nov. 0.4mm juvenile, grooming.
David W. © 2017.02.02
 |
Fig.KK. Gen.1 nov. sp. nov. 0.4mm juvenile, grooming.
Fred's Uncle. © 2021.02.06
Gen.1 nov. sp. nov. from the UK, juvenile instar of 0.4mm on 3 legs (figs K, KK).
Sminthuridae
 |
Fig.T. Temeritas sp. cleaning the dorsum.
Cheng, H.-J. © 2022.06.12
Temeritas sp. on 3 right legs,
cleaning at high speed flank of body, legs
and antennal basis
using collophore vesicle (fig.T).
Dicyrtomidae
 |
Fig.Dfr. Dicyrtoma fusca var. rufescens cleaning the mucro of the furca.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.12.14
Dicyrtoma fusca var. rufescens on 3 right legs. The mucro of the furca
is cleaned while passing a drop of saliva from the left proleg to the
left mesoleg (fig.Dfr).
The right proleg, and metaleg, are placed underneath the body,
while the body itself is tilted to the right to stay in balance on the
3 right legs.
 |
Fig.Dffs. Dicyrtoma fusca f. signata grooming.
Huskens, M.L. © 2017.01.10
Dicyrtoma fusca f. signata on 3 right legs.
The 3 left legs are engaged in a grooming activity (fig.Dffs).
The right proleg and metaleg, are placed underneath the body,
while the right mesoleg is placed outside the body.
The right legs form as such a stable tripod
while the body itself is tilted to the right to stay in balance on the
3 right legs.
 |
Fig.Do. Dicyrtomina ornata juvenile cleaning the furca.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.11.20
 |
Fig.Do2. Dicyrtomina ornata cleaning the furca.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.12.20
Dicyrtomina ornata on 3 right legs.
The juvenile specimen cleans the furca
using the 3 left legs (fig.Do).
The right proleg is placed underneath the body, and
the body itself is tilted to the right (fig.Do2).
The unguis of the right proleg is held in 'knuckle-walking' position.
The left proleg and mesoleg interact with a drop of saliva,
while the left metaleg is used to keep the body in balance (fig.Do2).
 |
Fig.Jns. Jordanathrix nr superba ♂ cleaning the furca.
Huskens, M.L. © 2016.12.16
Jordanathrix sp. nov. nr superba male on 3 right legs.
The relatively large drop of saliva is handled by all left legs
together to clean the furca (fig.Jns).
Discussion
Apparently, the tripod grooming activity is triggered by
intense light conditions.
Initially, specimens show normal grooming activity at the indoors set-up.
Whenever the Falcon Eyes LED Lamp is switched on, specimens suddenly
and often show the tripod grooming activity.
The Falcon Eyes LED Lamp has a colour temperature of 6500 ° Kelvin,
and has a light intensity of 2200 lux at 0.5m (640 lux at 1m; 160 lux at 2m).
Given the LED lamp is placed at a distance of 0.25m, the light intensity
is about 5000 lux.
The Canon flash light has a colour temperature of 5500-6000 ° Kelvin.
Given 6500 ° K corresponds to the colour temperature of daylight,
overcast condition (clouds obscuring the sky at least 95%),
apparantly the tripod grooming is typically triggered by an increase
in light intensity due to changed wheather conditions :
such as a change from a cloudy overcast day to a sunny clear sky day.
The tripod grooming was observed only in surface active species
such as species of Neelidae, Isotomidae, Entomobryidae, Sminthurididae,
Katiannidae and Dicyrtomidae.
To be continued.
Conclusion
To be added.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank
Hsin-Ju Cheng,
Fred's Uncle,
David W.
for granting us permission to use their images as illustrations.
Bibliography