Unavailable Nomenclature of the Collembola

http://www.collembola.org/publicat/unavaila.htm - Last updated on 2009.10.29 by Frans Janssens

Checklist of the Collembola: Unavailable Nomenclature of the Collembola

Frans Janssens, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2020, Belgium

Preamble

This article is a translation and a revision of
Janssens, F. 1995. Onbeschikbare Nomenclatuur van de Collembola., Antwerpse Vereniging voor Entomologie, Entomo-Info, Jaargang 6, 1995, nr 3, p.104-109.

Currently being revised.

Introduction

For some time, I was wondering who had some interest in naming and classifying springtails before Carolus Linnæus published his work on the classification of the animal kingdom in 1758. The literature is scarce and is accessible only with some difficulties. In 1995, I have found some bibliographic references that brougth me back in time until the year 1736. But thanks to Google we could now dig further back in time up to 1684. Here the trace stops (provisionally) ...

The following is an attempt to reconstruct the evolution of the taxonomy of the Collembola from 1684 to 1758, the official start of the zoological nomenclature. The checklists are made conform to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature even when they are not applicable. Page references in authorities are placed in square brackets whenever they have been compiled from other publications. References that have not been validated by myself are emphasized in red font. E.g., read the date reference '1740:[Lubbock:3],63[Salmon:362]' as

- date of publication = 1740

- refer to Lubbock page 3: page of publication not specified

- refer to Salmon page 362: page of publication = 63

Original taxon diagnoses are quoted whenever possible.

1684. Christian Frommann

In 1684, the german naturalist Christian Frommann describes his observation of a group of small insects on snow in Januari. When touched the insects escaped easily. This description is regarded as the first published record of Podura nivalis [Vallot:187].
Linnæus, 1758:609 refers to that observation as Pulex nivis.

Nomina Collembola anno 1684

Pulex Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187]

nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187]

1736. Carolus Linnæus

In 1736, the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnæus describes in his 'Systema Naturæ sen Regna tria Naturæ systematise proposita per classes, ordines, genera et species. (1735-1740). Act. Lit. p.133' [Salmon:90] the very first springtail: Pulex viridis plantarum. According to [Bellinger.1997.04.21], this springtail was mentioned by Linnæus in his 'Animalia per Sveciam observata, Acta Lit. Sci. Sveciae, Upsala 4(2), p.97-138' (cf. Horn: part published in 1736, whole volume published in 1742), apparently without description. This would make Pulex viridis plantarum a nomen nudum. Linnæus in 1746, in his 'Fauna Suecica, Ed. 1, Stockholmiæ p.342-344' [Linnæus1746:342] [Lubbock:4] [Salmon:52] synonymises Pulex viridis plantarum (Act. ups. 1736 p.37 n.2) to his Podura viridis.

Nomina Collembola anno 1736

Pulex Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] *
Pulex Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600]

nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] *
viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600] nomen nudum

Carl de Geer, 1720-1778

1740. Carl de Geer

In the year 1740, at the age of 20, the Swedish baron Carl de Geer describes in his 'Experimenta et Observationes de parvulis insectis, agili saltu corpuscula sua in altum levantibus, quibus Poduræ nomen est (Acta Soc. Reg. Scient. Upsaliensis, p.48-67)', four species of Poduræ: two living in an aquatic habitat and two living in a terrestrial habitat, all four of them having an elongated body. The Latin descriptions are very detailed and illustrations are provided of all four species. Only the short diagnoses are cited here. Note the two contradictionary short diagnoses of Podura aquatica cinerea. Baron de Geer claims that he has observed some springtails already in 1737 [deGeer1740:49] [Schaller:1]. Apparently, de Geer is not aware of Linnæus' Pulex viridis plantarum. (in the checklists, 'forgotten' taxa are marked with '*').

Baron de Geer assigns the very functional name Poduræ to these animals, based on their characteristic 'furca'. "Poduræ" can be translated into "foot-tails", in other words animals with "a tail like a foot" that they can use to jump with into the air when they are disturbed.

Nomina Collembola anno 1740

Poduræ de Geer, 1740:48
Podura de Geer, 1740:49
= Pulex Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] *
= Pulex Linnæus, 1736:[Linnæus1746:=342],133[Salmon:600], partim *

aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740:63,Tab.IV
Diagnosis cf. [deGeer1740:63]:
"PODURA aquatica cinerea, lineis dorsalibus nigricantibus, antennis longioribus."
Diagnosis cf. [deGeer1740:67]:
"PODURA aquatica cinerea, lineis dorsalibus albicantibus, antennis longioribus."
aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740:57,Tab.III
Diagnosis cf. [deGeer1740:57]:
"PODURA aquatica tota nigra."
campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54,Tab.II
= Pulex nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] cfr Linnæus:1758:609 *
Diagnosis cf. [deGeer1740:54]:
"PODURA campestris cinerea signaturis nigris, antennis longis."
campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49,Tab.I
Diagnosis cf. [deGeer1740:49]:
"PODURA campestris nigra splendens pedibus caudaque albidis."
viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600] nomen nudum *

1740. Carolus Linnæus

In his 'Systema Naturæ, Ed.II, 1740, p.62' Linnæus includes a diagnosis of Podura refering to De Geer 1740.

Nomina Collembola anno 1740 (bis)

Poduræ de Geer, 1740:48
Podura de Geer, 1740:49
= Pulex Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] *
= Pulex Linnæus, 1736:[Linnæus1746:=342],133[Salmon:600], partim *
= Podura Linnæus, 1740:62

Diagnosis:

"172. PODURA. Pedes VI. Cauda bifurca, inflexa, saltatrix.

De Geer: Act. Sc. Svec. 1740."

aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740:63,Tab.IV *
aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740:57,Tab.III *
campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54,Tab.II *
= Pulex nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] cfr Linnæus:1758:609 *
campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49,Tab.I *
viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600] nomen nudum *

1740. Carl de Geer

In the same year 1740, Carl de Geer describes the four species of Podura in a second paper in Swedish: 'Rön och observation öfver små Insecter, som kunna håppa i högden. Kongl. Svenska. Vetenskaps. Akad. Handlingar 1(4), Stockholm, p.265-281' [Salmon:24] [Bellinger.1997.04.20].

Compiled from [Salmon:456], de Geer introduced a new name for Podura campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54: Podura nivalis de Geer, 1740:276. Also according to [Salmon:412] Podura campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49 is contracted to Podura nigra de Geer, 1740:272. With this the very first synonyms of Collembola species have been introduced. Unfortunately, after analysing the photocopies of de Geer's work, kindly sent to me by Dr. Peter F. Bellinger, I am not able to confirm this synonymy. The paper of de Geer is enterily in Swedish. None of the Latin names mentioned by Salmon appear in this work... Also, some of the page references given by Linnæus (1758) and Salmon (1964) do not seem to match...

Nomina Collembola anno 1740 (tres)

Poduræ de Geer, 1740:48
Podura de Geer, 1740:49
= Pulex Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] *
= Pulex Linnæus, 1736:[Linnæus1746:=342],133[Salmon:600], partim *
= Podura Linnæus, 1740:62
= små Insecter, som kunna håppa i högden de Geer, 1740:265-281

aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740:63,Tab.IV
= Grå Insecter, som sitta ihop med de förra swarta på watnet, ock äro något större de Geer, 1740:278-279,Tab.IV
aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740:57,Tab.III
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta tusende tals ihop uppå watnet och håppa som de förra de Geer, 1740:273-278,Tab.III
campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54,Tab.II
= Pulex nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] cfr Linnæus:1758:609 *
= Små grå Insecter, wistande under barken ibland de förra swarta, af samma genere med dem de Geer, 1740:270-272,Tab.II
= Podura nivalis de Geer, 1740:276(sic)[Salmon:456] ??
campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49,Tab.I
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta under barken af gamla träd, och håppa med stierten de Geer, 1740:266-270,Tab.I
= Podura nigra de Geer, 1740:272(sic)[Salmon:412] ??
viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600] nomen nudum *

1743. Baron Charles de Geer

In 1743, de Geer describes in 'Beskrifning på en Insect, kallad: Podura fusca, globosa, nitida, antennis longis, articulis plurimis (Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps. Akad. Handlingar 4(4), Stockholm, p.296-305, Tab.VII)' [Lubbock:3] [Schaller:1,63] [Ellis:170,179] [Salmon:25] [de Geer:296] [Bellinger.1997.04.20] a globular springtail. Once more, the description is accompanied with several very detailed illustrations. Even with a completely different body structure, de Geer recognizes the affiliation with the four previously described Poduræ, taking into account the typical 'spring-tail'.

One can interprete this description as an emendation of the genus Podura de Geer, 1740.

Nomina Collembola anno 1743

Poduræ de Geer, 1740:48
= Poduræ de Geer, 1743:296
Podura de Geer, 1740:49
= Pulex Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] *
= Pulex Linnæus, 1736:[Linnæus1746:=342],133[Salmon:600], partim *
= Podura Linnæus, 1740:62
= små Insecter, som kunna håppa i högden de Geer, 1740:265-281
= Podura de Geer, 1743:296

aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740:63,Tab.IV *
= Grå Insecter, som sitta ihop med de förra swarta på watnet, ock äro något större de Geer, 1740:278-279,Tab.IV
aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740:57,Tab.III *
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta tusende tals ihop uppå watnet och håppa som de förra de Geer, 1740:273-278,Tab.III
campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54,Tab.II *
= Pulex nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] cfr Linnæus:1758:609 *
= Små grå Insecter, wistande under barken ibland de förra swarta, af samma genere med dem de Geer, 1740:270-272,Tab.II
= Podura nivalis de Geer, 1740:276(sic)[Salmon:456] ??
campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49,Tab.I *
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta under barken af gamla träd, och håppa med stierten de Geer, 1740:266-270,Tab.I
= Podura nigra de Geer, 1740:272(sic)[Salmon:412] ??
fusca de Geer, 1743:296,Tab.VII
Diagnosis cf. [deGeer1743:296]:
"Podura fusca, globosa, nitida, antennis longis, articulis plurimis."
viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:[Linnæus1746:342(:37)][Salmon:600(:133)] nomen nudum *

1744. Carolus Linnæus

In his 'Systema Naturæ, Ed.IV, 1744, p.96' Linnæus defines Podura as such [Bellinger.1997.04.21]:

"Pedes VI cursorii. Cauda bifurca inflexa, saltatrix.

Oculi 2. ex octonis."
To be investigated.

1746. Carolus Linnæus

Carolus Linnæus recognizes in 1746 in his 'Fauna Suecica, Ed. 1, Stockholmiæ p.342-344' [Linnæus1746:342] [Lubbock:4] [Salmon:52] already ten Poduræ (a duplication of the number of species!). Linnæus recognizes four of the five species of de Geer (1740, 1743) and adds six new species, of which two are new globular forms. He is uncertain of the validity of Podura viatica Linnæus, 1746. Possibly this species is equivalent with Podura aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740 [Lubbock:5]? The very first springtail species dubius... He gives three species an other name. Podura aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740 is, in error, synonymised to Podura aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740. We will have to wait for Müller to 'rediscover' this species in 1776 [Salmon:362].

Linnæus classifies a tail-less species within the genus Pediculus. A logical choice at that time, taking into account the absence of the most characteristic organ of the Poduræ. But Linnæus makes already the remark: 'facies omnino Poduræ'. In 1873, for the first time, the English Lord Avebury, Sir John Lubbock, makes a comment on this remark [Lubbock:5].

Nomina Collembola anno 1746

Insecta Linnæus, 1746:[Linnæus1746]
Aptera Linnæus, 1746:[Linnæus1746]
Poduræ de Geer, 1740:48
= Poduræ de Geer, 1743:296
Podura de Geer, 1740:49
= Pulex Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] *
= Pulex Linnæus, 1736:[Linnæus1746:=342],133[Salmon:600], partim *
= Podura Linnæus, 1740
= små Insecter, som kunna håppa i högden de Geer, 1740:265-281
= Podura de Geer, 1743:296
= Podura Linnæus, 1744:96
= Podura Linnæus, 1746:342?

aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740:63,Tab.IV *
= Grå Insecter, som sitta ihop med de förra swarta på watnet, ock äro något större de Geer, 1740:278-279,Tab.IV *
aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740:57,Tab.III
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta tusende tals ihop uppå watnet och håppa som de förra de Geer, 1740:273-278,Tab.III
= Podura aquatica nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Linnæus1746:343]:
"1178. Podura aquatica nigra.

It. gotl. 181. ??

De Geer act. holm. 1740. p.279 t.3.4

Podura aquatica tota nigra.
Habitat in aquis quietis et pacatis. Phalanges juxta littora piscinarum format,
horis præsertim matutinis, ac si littora gelu coivissent, cum intra
phalanges quietior aqua sit.
Descr. Præter duos sexus a D. De Geer egregie descriptos,
eriam tertium, ni fallor, sexum observo, sue animalcula longe adhuc minora,
rubra, rotundiora seu magis gibba, reliquis mixta."
atra Linnæus, 1746:342
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Linnæus1746:342]:
"1173. Podura atra, abdomine subgloboso, antennis longitudine corporis:
apice albis.

Habitat in Fungis sylvaticis. Descr. inter majores hujus generis est;
abdomen globosum, sed anus quasi capitillo eminet. Antennæ nigræ
corporis longitudine, quas divaricatas antrorsum prætendit apice
albae."
campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54,Tab.II
= Pulex nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] cfr Linnæus:1758:609 *
= Små grå Insecter, wistande under barken ibland de förra swarta, af samma genere med dem de Geer, 1740:270-272,Tab.II
= Podura nivalis de Geer, 1740:276(sic)[Salmon:456] ??
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1746:343
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Linnæus1746:343]:
"1176. Podura nivalis cinerea signaturis nigris.

De Geer Act. ups. 1740. p.54 t.2.

Podura campestris cinerea, signaturis nigris, antennis longis. Suecis
Snöloppa. Habitat hyeme gregatim in ipsa nive, cursitans agilissime,
ni liquescat nix, qua peri: æstate frequens in Ribis baccis rubris,
tum solitaria. communicavit Astronomus Magister Hiortem hyeme lectas.
Descr. Corpus oblongum, cinereum, characteribus nigris notatum."
campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49,Tab.I
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta under barken af gamla träd, och håppa med stierten de Geer, 1740:266-270,Tab.I
= Podura nigra de Geer, 1740:272(sic)[Salmon:412] ??
= Podura arborea nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Linnæus1746:343]:
"1177. Podura arborea nigra; pedibus furcaque albis.

De Geer act. Stockh. 1740. p.272(sic) t.4(sic).

act. ups. 1740. p.49 t.1.

Podura campestris nigra splendens, pedibus caudaque albis.
Habitat in Oelandiæ aceribus inter ligna putrida.
Descr. Tota parva, nigra: caudæ furca cum pedibus et antennis
versus basin albis."
fusca de Geer, 1743:296,Tab.VII
= Podura globosa fusca nitida Linnæus, 1746:342
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Linnæus1746:342]:
"1174. Podura globosa, fusca nitida; antennis longis: articulis plurimis.

De Geer. Act. Stockh. 1743. p.296. t.7.

Habitat super lignis putridis."
teres plumbea Linnæus, 1746:342-343
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Linnæus1746:342-343]:
"1175. Podura teres plumbea.

Habitat in arboribus vel pratis semper solitaria; et in Fungis frequens.

Descr. Reliquis major et pediculi vulgaris magnitudinem attingens,
omnino teres, fusco-caerulea, polita, pilis raris adspersa: pedes
albidi: cursitat et interdum salit. pedes ani etiam albi."
terrestris alba Linnæus, 1746:343-344
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Linnæus1746:343-344]:
"1180. Podura terrestris alba.

Habitat in terra prægnante, præsertim in hortis, ubi Melones et
plantæ seruntur vere,

hic infinita copia occurrit, et atomorum volitantium instar saltat,
præsertim postquam humus humectata fuit. Descr. Hæc omnium
minima est totaque alba."
viatica Linnæus, 1746:343, s.d.
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Linnæus1746:343]:
"1179. Podura viatica.

Suecis Jordkrut.
Habitat in Smolandia in ipsis viis communiter, pulveris pyrii instar
per terram sparsa, gregaria enim maxime est. an aquatica sive præcedens?"
viridis subglobosa Linnæus, 1746:342
= Pulex viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600] nomen nudum
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Linnæus1746:342]:
"1172. Podura viridis subglobosa

Act. ups. 1736. p.37. n.2. Pulex viridis plantarum.

Habitat in plantis rarius Upsaliæ, præsertim in soliis
primordialibus Helxines sativæ 324 minus tamen in siberica specie.
Descr. Magnitudo majoris pediculi capitis: abdomen dilutius viride
globosum, parum in ovalem figuram terminatum, versus anum admodum
convexum, viride cum cinerascentis mixtura. Thorax tenuissimus, vix
conspicuus. Caput viride, obtusum, Cicadis non adco dissimile.
oculi supra caput nigri, cum linea utrinque nigricante. Pedes
albo-virides, æquales. antennæ recurvæ."

Pediculus Linnæus, 1746:[Lubbock:5]

terrestris niveus Linnæus, 1746:341
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Linnæus1746:341]:
"1170. Pediculus terrestris niveus

Habitat in terra subhumente calida, proinfrequens in terra prægnante et
allis in hypocerusto per totem hyemem(sic)
Descr. Fascies omnino Poduræ, teres oblongus albus, sed furca
carens. Copiosa et gregarium vivit, mox ab adfusa aqua accedit
ad superficiem terræ, fissa vero terra debet descendere."

1748. Carolus Linnæus

In the 'Systema Naturæ, Ed.VI' of 1748 only four species of Podura are listed Linnæus (1748:67).
Note the spelling of Podura fimaria (that will be emended to Podura fimetaria in Linnæus (1758:609)).

Nomina Collembola anno 1748

Insecta Linnæus, 1746:[Linnæus1746]
Aptera Linnæus, 1746:[Linnæus1746]
= Aptera Linnæus, 1748:67
Poduræ de Geer, 1740:48
= Poduræ de Geer, 1743:296
Podura de Geer, 1740:49
= Pulex Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] *
= Pulex Linnæus, 1736:[Linnæus1746:=342],133[Salmon:600], partim *
= Podura Linnæus, 1740
= små Insecter, som kunna håppa i högden de Geer, 1740:265-281
= Podura de Geer, 1743:296
= Podura Linnæus, 1744:96
= Podura Linnæus, 1746:342?
= Podura Linnæus, 1748:67

Diagnosis:

"201. PODURA. Pedes VI, cursorii.

Oculi II, ex octonis compositi.

Cauda bifurca, inflexa, saltatrix."

aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740:63,Tab.IV *
= Grå Insecter, som sitta ihop med de förra swarta på watnet, ock äro något större de Geer, 1740:278-279,Tab.IV *
aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740:57,Tab.III
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta tusende tals ihop uppå watnet och håppa som de förra de Geer, 1740:273-278,Tab.III
= Podura aquatica nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura aquatica Linnæus, 1748:67

Diagnosis:
"1. Podura aquatica. De Geer. Act. Ups. 1740. Fn 1178."
atra Linnæus, 1746:342 *

campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54,Tab.II
= Pulex nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] cfr Linnæus:1758:609 *
= Små grå Insecter, wistande under barken ibland de förra swarta, af samma genere med dem de Geer, 1740:270-272,Tab.II
= Podura nivalis de Geer, 1740:276(sic)[Salmon:456] ??
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1748:67

Diagnosis:
"2. Podura nivalis. Fn. 1176. Snöloppa."
campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49,Tab.I
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta under barken af gamla träd, och håppa med stierten de Geer, 1740:266-270,Tab.I
= Podura nigra de Geer, 1740:272(sic)[Salmon:412] ??
= Podura arborea nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura nemotrosa Linnæus, 1748:67

Diagnosis:
"3. Podura nemotrosa. Fn. 1177."
fusca de Geer, 1743:296,Tab.VII *
= Podura globosa fusca nitida Linnæus, 1746:342

teres plumbea Linnæus, 1746:342-343 *

terrestris alba Linnæus, 1746:343-344
= Podura fimaria Linnæus, 1748:67

Diagnosis:
"4. Podura fimaria. Fn. 1180."
viatica Linnæus, 1746:343, s.d. *
Diagnosis cf. Lönnberg (1913:277):
"Sp: 1179. Jordkrut. Kallas och Lindorm. Ligger på wägarna
i Småland i stora hopar, och ser aldeles ut som der wore
krut utstrött. Gemena man tror på somliga orter, at om man
trampar derpå, skall benet rutna bort."
viridis subglobosa Linnæus, 1746:342 *
= Pulex viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600] nomen nudum

Pediculus Linnæus, 1746:[Lubbock:5] *

terrestris niveus Linnæus, 1746:341 *

To be investigated.

1749. Carl de Geer

In 1749, a reprint of the paper of Carl de Geer of 1740, translated from Swedish to German, is published in Hamburg and Leipzig.

Nomina Collembola anno 1749

aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740:63,Tab.IV *
= Grå Insecter, som sitta ihop med de förra swarta på watnet, ock äro något större de Geer, 1740:278-279,Tab.IV *
= graue Insekten, die unter den vorigen schwarzen [p.17] zusammen auf dem Wasser sitzen, und etwas grösser sind de Geer, 1749:23-24,Tab.IV
aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740:57,Tab.III
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta tusende tals ihop uppå watnet och håppa som de förra de Geer, 1740:273-278,Tab.III
= Podura aquatica nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura aquatica Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine schwarze Insekten, die den tausenden zusammen auf dem Wasser sitzen, und wie die vorigen hüpfen de Geer, 1749:17-22,Tab.III
atra Linnæus, 1746:342 *
campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54,Tab.II
= Pulex nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] cfr Linnæus:1758:609 *
= Små grå Insecter, wistande under barken ibland de förra swarta, af samma genere med dem de Geer, 1740:270-272,Tab.II
= Podura nivalis de Geer, 1740:276(sic)[Salmon:456] ??
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine graue Insekten, die sich unter den vorerwehnten schwarzen [p.10] unter Baumrinden aufhalten, und mit jenen einerlen Geschlechtes sind de Geer 1749:14-17,Tab.II
campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49,Tab.I
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta under barken af gamla träd, och håppa med stierten de Geer, 1740:266-270,Tab.I
= Podura nigra de Geer, 1740:272(sic)[Salmon:412] ??
= Podura arborea nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura nemotrosa Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine schwarze Insekten, welche unter den Rinden alter Bäume sitzen, und mit dem Sterze hüpfen de Geer, 1749:10-14,Tab.I
fusca de Geer, 1743:296,Tab.VII *
= Podura globosa fusca nitida Linnæus, 1746:342
teres plumbea Linnæus, 1746:342-343 *
terrestris alba Linnæus, 1746:343-344
= Podura fimaria Linnæus, 1748:67
viatica Linnæus, 1746:343, s.d.
viridis subglobosa Linnæus, 1746:342 *
= Pulex viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600] nomen nudum

Pediculus Linnæus, 1746:[Lubbock:5] *

terrestris niveus Linnæus, 1746:341 *

1751. Carl von Geer [= Carl de Geer]

In 1751, a reprint of the paper of Carl de Geer of 1743, translated from Swedish to German, is published in Hamburg and Leipzig.

Nomina Collembola anno 1751

aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740:63,Tab.IV *
= Grå Insecter, som sitta ihop med de förra swarta på watnet, ock äro något större de Geer, 1740:278-279,Tab.IV *
= graue Insekten, die unter den vorigen schwarzen [p.17] zusammen auf dem Wasser sitzen, und etwas grösser sind de Geer, 1749:23-24,Tab.IV
aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740:57,Tab.III
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta tusende tals ihop uppå watnet och håppa som de förra de Geer, 1740:273-278,Tab.III
= Podura aquatica nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura aquatica Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine schwarze Insekten, die den tausenden zusammen auf dem Wasser sitzen, und wie die vorigen hüpfen de Geer, 1749:17-22,Tab.III
atra Linnæus, 1746:342 *
campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54,Tab.II
= Pulex nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] cfr Linnæus:1758:609 *
= Små grå Insecter, wistande under barken ibland de förra swarta, af samma genere med dem de Geer, 1740:270-272,Tab.II
= Podura nivalis de Geer, 1740:276(sic)[Salmon:456] ??
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine graue Insekten, die sich unter den vorerwehnten schwarzen [p.10] unter Baumrinden aufhalten, und mit jenen einerlen Geschlechtes sind de Geer 1749:14-17,Tab.II
campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49,Tab.I
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta under barken af gamla träd, och håppa med stierten de Geer, 1740:266-270,Tab.I
= Podura nigra de Geer, 1740:272(sic)[Salmon:412] ??
= Podura arborea nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura nemotrosa Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine schwarze Insekten, welche unter den Rinden alter Bäume sitzen, und mit dem Sterze hüpfen de Geer, 1749:10-14,Tab.I
fusca de Geer, 1743:296,Tab.VII *
= Podura globosa fusca nitida Linnæus, 1746:342
= Podura fusca von Geer, 1751:239-245,Tab.VII
teres plumbea Linnæus, 1746:342-343 *
terrestris alba Linnæus, 1746:343-344
= Podura fimaria Linnæus, 1748:67
viatica Linnæus, 1746:343, s.d.
viridis subglobosa Linnæus, 1746:342 *
= Pulex viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600] nomen nudum

Pediculus Linnæus, 1746:[Lubbock:5] *

terrestris niveus Linnæus, 1746:341 *

1752. J. Hill

In 1752, Hill J. in 'A general natural history: or, new and accurate descriptions of the animals, vegetables and minerals of the different parts of the world. Vol.I, Fossils; Vol.II, Plants; Vol.III, Animals. Thomas Obsborne, London' [Hopkin:12] describes 23 species of 'Pucerons of Reaumur'. Podura nigrescens antennis brevibus Hill, 1752 is cross referenced to Podura aquatica nigra de Geer. The following list is only indicative. Dr Peter Bellinger was able to access a copy of this work and has passed me some additional records. (to be revised when I can validate Hill's publication myself).

To be investigated.

Nomina Collembola anno 1752

Insecta Linnæus, 1746:[Linnæus1746]
Aptera Linnæus, 1746:[Linnæus1746]
= Aptera Linnæus, 1748:67
= Podaria Hill, 1752:20-21 partim
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Hill:20-21]:

"Insects without wings but with limbs."
Poduræ de Geer, 1740:48
= Poduræ de Geer, 1743:296
= Division the Second Hill, 1752:20-21 partim
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Hill:20-21]:

"Those wich have shorter bodies, and less numerous legs, or fewer than six pairs."
Podura de Geer, 1740:49
= Pulex Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] *
= Pulex Linnæus, 1736:[Linnæus1746:=342],133[Salmon:600], partim *
= Podura Linnæus, 1740
= små Insecter, som kunna håppa i högden de Geer, 1740:265-281
= Podura de Geer, 1743:296
= Podura Linnæus, 1744:96
= Podura Linnæus, 1746:342?
= Podura Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine Insekten, welche in die Höhe hüpfen können, 1749:9-10
= Podura von Geer, 1751:239
= Podura Hill, 1752:20-21
Diagnosis cf. personal note of Dr. Bellinger [Hill:20-21]:

"Pucerons of Reaumur."

aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740:63,Tab.IV *
= Grå Insecter, som sitta ihop med de förra swarta på watnet, ock äro något större de Geer, 1740:278-279,Tab.IV *
= graue Insekten, die unter den vorigen schwarzen [p.17] zusammen auf dem Wasser sitzen, und etwas grösser sind de Geer, 1749:23-24,Tab.IV
aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740:57,Tab.III
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta tusende tals ihop uppå watnet och håppa som de förra de Geer, 1740:273-278,Tab.III
= Podura aquatica nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura aquatica Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine schwarze Insekten, die den tausenden zusammen auf dem Wasser sitzen, und wie die vorigen hüpfen de Geer, 1749:17-22,Tab.III
= Podura nigrescens antennis brevibus Hill, 1752:[Bellinger:in litt.][Hopkin:12]
= water puceron Hill, 1752:[Bellinger:in litt.]
atra Linnæus, 1746:342 *
campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54,Tab.II
= Pulex nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] cfr Linnæus:1758:609 *
= Små grå Insecter, wistande under barken ibland de förra swarta, af samma genere med dem de Geer, 1740:270-272,Tab.II
= Podura nivalis de Geer, 1740:276(sic)[Salmon:456] ??
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine graue Insekten, die sich unter den vorerwehnten schwarzen [p.10] unter Baumrinden aufhalten, und mit jenen einerlen Geschlechtes sind de Geer 1749:14-17,Tab.II
campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49,Tab.I
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta under barken af gamla träd, och håppa med stierten de Geer, 1740:266-270,Tab.I
= Podura nigra de Geer, 1740:272(sic)[Salmon:412] ??
= Podura arborea nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura nemotrosa Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine schwarze Insekten, welche unter den Rinden alter Bäume sitzen, und mit dem Sterze hüpfen de Geer, 1749:10-14,Tab.I
= Podura nigra pedibus albis Hill, 1752:[Bellinger:in litt.]
fusca de Geer, 1743:296,Tab.VII *
= Podura globosa fusca nitida Linnæus, 1746:342
= Podura fusca von Geer, 1751:239-245,Tab.VII
teres plumbea Linnæus, 1746:342-343 *
terrestris alba Linnæus, 1746:343-344
= Podura fimaria Linnæus, 1748:67
viatica Linnæus, 1746:343, s.d.
viridis subglobosa Linnæus, 1746:342 *
= Pulex viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600] nomen nudum

Pediculus Linnæus, 1746:[Lubbock:5] *

terrestris niveus Linnæus, 1746:341 *

1758. Carolus Linnæus

In 1758, the arbitrary start of our current taxonomy, Linnæus lists ten species of the genus Podura Linnæus, 1758 [Linnæus:608-609]. He synonymizes Podura viatica Linnæus, 1746 to Podura aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740 and adds a new species Podura cincta Linnæus, 1758:609. Podura terrestris alba Linnæus, 1746 is now named Podura fimetaria Linnæus, 1758:609.

Podura ambulans Linnæus, 1758:609 is described as 'Podura alba, furca extensa'. In his 'Systema Naturæ, Ed. XII, 1767' the description is emended as such: 'Podura alba, cauda bifida extensa obtusa. Corpus cylindricum, reliquis longius, album, molle. Punctum fuscum supra anum. Cauda setis 2 extensis, longitudine 1/2 corporis. Non salit.' Lubbock concludes in 1873 that this description does not fit with a springtail but a Campodea species [Lubbock:5,213]. This makes Podura ambulans Linnæus, 1758:609 the very first description of a Diplura.

Linnæus specifies a synonym of Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1758:609: Pulex nivis (= the snow flea) [Linnæus:609]. [Lubbock] did not comment on this synonymy... Thanks to [Vallot:187] I was able to decipher the bibliographic reference made by Linnæus as Chrétien Frommann, E.N.C. Dec.II, ann.3, 1684, p.390, obs. CXCVII.

The springtail-like Pediculus terrestris niveus Linnæus, 1746 is sunk to synonymy with Podura ambulans in error. This is clarified by Lubbock (1873:5,213), who points out that Pediculus terrestris niveus Linnæus, 1746, with absent furca corresponds with its Lipura ambulans Lubbock (1873:5,189). In de Geer's publication 'Gesch. Ins. vol. vii' of 1782(sic) it appears with name Podura ambulans de Geer 1782(sic), nec Linnæus, 1758:609 [Lubbock:10], also called Podura terrestris nivea de Geer, 1782(sic) [Lubbock:189].

Currently valid taxa are appended to each species name.

Nomina Collembola anno 1758

Animalia Linnæus, 1758
Insecta Linnæus, 1746:[Linnæus1746]
= Insecta Linnæus, 1758
Aptera Linnæus, 1746:[Linnæus1746]
= Podaria Hill, 1752:20-21 partim *
= Aptera Linnæus, 1758:608

Diagnosis:

"VII. APTERA

Alæ nullæ, in omni sexu."
Poduræ de Geer, 1740:48
= Poduræ de Geer, 1743:296
= Division the Second Hill, 1752:20-21 partim *
Podura de Geer, 1740:49
= Pulex Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187] *
= Pulex Linnæus, 1736:[Linnæus1746:=342],133[Salmon:600], partim *
= Podura Linnæus, 1740
= små Insecter, som kunna håppa i högden de Geer, 1740:265-281
= Podura de Geer, 1743:296
= Podura Linnæus, 1744:96
= Podura Linnæus, 1746:342?
= Podura Linnæus, 1748:67
= kleine Insekten, welche in die Höhe hüpfen können, 1749:9-10
= Podura von Geer, 1751:239
= Podura Hill, 1752:20-21
= Podura Linnæus, 1758:608

Diagnosis:

"231. PODURA. Pedes VI, cursorii.

Oculi II, compositi ex octonis.

Cauda bifurca, saltatrix, inflexa."

ambulans Linnæus, 1758:609

Diagnosis:
"ambulans. 10. P. alba, furca extensa. Fn. suec. 1170.

Habitat in Europa."
= Campodea staphylinus [Lubbock:5,7,213]
aquatica cinerea de Geer, 1740:63,Tab.IV *
= Grå Insecter, som sitta ihop med de förra swarta på watnet, ock äro något större de Geer, 1740:278-279,Tab.IV
= graue Insekten, die unter den vorigen schwarzen [p.17] zusammen auf dem Wasser sitzen, und etwas grösser sind de Geer, 1749:23-24,Tab.IV
= Isotomurus palustris [Lubbock:3]
aquatica nigra de Geer, 1740:57,Tab.III
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta tusende tals ihop uppå watnet och håppa som de förra de Geer, 1740:273-278,Tab.III
= Podura aquatica nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
=? Podura viatica Linnæus, 1746:343,[Lubbock:4,5], s.d.
= Podura aquatica Linnæus, 1748:67

Diagnosis:
"1. Podura aquatica. De Geer. Act. Ups. 1740. Fn 1178."
= kleine schwarze Insekten, die den tausenden zusammen auf dem Wasser sitzen, und wie die vorigen hüpfen de Geer, 1749:17-22,Tab.III
= Podura nigrescens antennis brevibus Hill, 1752:[Hopkin:12]
= Podura aquatica Linnæus, 1758:609

Diagnosis:
"aquatica. 8. P. nigra aquatica. Fn. suec. 1178.

De Geer act. Ups 1740 p. 57. t. 3.

Stockh 1740. p. 279. t. 3, 4.

Habitat in Aquatis Europæ."
= Podura aquatica [Lubbock:3] [Salmon:550]
atra Linnæus, 1746:342
= Podura atra Linnæus, 1758:608

Diagnosis:
"atra. 2. P. subglobosa atra, antennis longitudine corporis apice albis. Fn. suec. 1173.

Habitat in Europæ plantis."
= Ptenothrix atra [Lubbock:4,5]
campestris cinerea de Geer, 1740:54,Tab.II
= Pulex nivis Frommann, 1684:390[Vallot:187],E.N.C. dec. 2. ann. 3. obs. 197[Linnæus:609]
= Små grå Insecter, wistande under barken ibland de förra swarta, af samma genere med dem de Geer, 1740:270-272,Tab.II
= Podura nivalis de Geer, 1740:276(sic)[Salmon:456] ??
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1748:67

Diagnosis:
"2. Podura nivalis. Fn. 1176. Snöloppa."
= kleine graue Insekten, die sich unter den vorerwehnten schwarzen [p.10] unter Baumrinden aufhalten, und mit jenen einerlen Geschlechtes sind de Geer 1749:14-17,Tab.II
= Podura nivalis Linnæus, 1758:609

Diagnosis:
"nivalis. 5. P. oblonga cinerea signaturis nigris. Fn. suec. 1176.

E. N. C. dec. 2. ann. 3. obs. 197. Pulex nivis.

De Geer Act. Ups 1740. p. 54. t. 2.

Habitat in Europæ nemoribus, Lignis."
= Entomobrya nivalis [Lubbock:3]
campestris nigra de Geer, 1740:49,Tab.I
= Små swarta Insecter, som sitta under barken af gamla träd, och håppa med stierten de Geer, 1740:266-270,Tab.I
= Podura nigra de Geer, 1740:272(sic)[Salmon:412] ??
= Podura arborea nigra Linnæus, 1746:343
= Podura nemotrosa Linnæus, 1748:67

Diagnosis:
"3. Podura nemotrosa. Fn. 1177."
= Podura arborea Linnæus, 1758:609

Diagnosis:
"arborea. 6. P. nigra, pedibas furcaque albis. Fn. suec. 1177.

De Geer act. Ups. 1740. p. 49. t. 1.

act. Stockh 1740. p. 272. t. 1.

Habitat in Europæ sylvis."
= Vertagopus arboreus [Lubbock:3]
cincta Linnæus, 1758:609

Diagnosis:
"cincta. 7. P. cylindrica grisea, cingulo atro antice albo.

Habitat in sylves Europæ."
= Orchesella cincta [Lubbock:7]
fusca de Geer, 1743:296,Tab.VII
= Podura globosa fusca nitida Linnæus, 1746:342
= Podura fusca von Geer, 1751:239-245,Tab.VII
= Podura fusca Linnæus, 1758:608

Diagnosis:
"fusca. 3. P. globosa fusca nitida, antennis longis: articulis plurimis. Fn. suec. 1174.

Act. Stockh. 743(sic). p. 296. t. 7.

Habitat in Europæ terrestribus."
= Allacma fusca [Ellis:170]
teres plumbea Linnæus, 1746:342-343
= Podura plumbea Linnæus, 1758:609

Diagnosis:
"plumbea. 4. P. teres fusco-cærulea nitida. Fn. suec. 1175.

Habitat in Europæ arbustis."
= Heteromurus major cfr mihi.
terrestris alba Linnæus, 1746:343-344
= Podura fimaria Linnæus, 1748:67

Diagnosis:
"4. Podura fimaria. Fn. 1180."
= Podura fimetaria Linnæus, 1758:609

Diagnosis:
"fimetaria. 9. P. terrestris alba. Fn. suec. 1180.

Habitat in terra prægnente Europæ, frequens primo vere."
= Folsomia fimetaria [Ellis&Bellinger:2]
viridis subglobosa Linnæus, 1746:342
= Pulex viridis plantarum Linnæus, 1736:37[Linnæus1746:342],133[Salmon:600] nomen nudum
= Podura viridis Linnæus, 1758:608

Diagnosis:
"viridis. 1. P. subglobosa viridis. Fn. suec. 1172.

Habitat in Europæ plantis."
= Sminthurus viridis [Lubbock:4,5]

Pediculus Linnæus, 1746:[Lubbock:5] *

terrestris niveus Linnæus, 1746:341 *
= Onychiurus ambulans [Lubbock:5]

Since the very first beginning of the zoological taxonomy the nomenclature introduces synonymy. In the course of the years, more and more synonyms appear. Currently there are more synonyms then valid species names for Collembola...

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature specifies that all names before 1758 are 'unavailable' by definition. That explains the title of this paper. Bad luck for baron de Geer...

Acknowledgements

I thank Peter F. Bellinger for his constructive comments and for sending me copies of his personal collection of papers and notes on this subject. I thank Barbro Nedstam for reviewing the transcription of the original old Swedish text of de Geer (1740,1743) and for sending me copies of excerpts of papers.

Bibliography

Bellinger, P.F. 1997. Personal communication on 1997.04.20.
Bellinger, P.F. 1997. Personal communication on 1997.04.21.
Linnæus, C. 1746. Podura (Insecta: Aptera) p.342-344, in Fauna Suecica, sistens animalia sueciæ regni: quadrupedia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes et ordines, generea et species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis autorum, nominibus incolarum, locis habitationum, descriptionibus insectorum, Ed. 1, Stockholmiæ, p.1-411. (personal notes of Dr. P.F. Bellinger, received 1997.04.29, 1997.05.06)